Notes

While figures were carved for sale to Western collectors from the early 1900s, many such works have been incorrectly classified as colon simply because they display Western attire. In fact, most are spirit spouse figures, embodying an important spiritual and ritual practice among the Baule.

The Baule believe that every person has a spirit counterpart of the opposite sex residing in the otherworld. Before birth, the soul exists in a monogamous union in this parallel realm. When a spirit descends into a human body at birth, it leaves its spouse behind. Some spirit spouses accept this separation, but others may follow their human partners into the physical world, exerting influence over their lives. Neglect of this relationship can lead to misfortune, illness, or difficulties in marriage, while a content spirit spouse can bring blessings, prosperity, and harmony.

When an individual experiences persistent trouble, a diviner may determine that the cause lies with a neglected spirit spouse and recommend the establishment of a shrine within the sleeping room. There, offerings are made, and a carved representation of the spirit is commissioned — a male figure (blolo bian) for a woman and a female figure (blolo bla) for a man.

These figures are kept privately at the shrine, covered and unseen by others. They may be shown only to a diviner during consultations. Over a lifetime, an individual may commission several such carvings, each replacing the last.

As embodiments of the idealised other, spirit spouse figures reflect the Baule’s prevailing ideals of beauty, refinement, and social success. During the colonial era, exposure to Western symbols of authority — hats, umbrellas, watches, shoes, and tailored suits — led to their incorporation into the attire of some figures, blending spiritual tradition with new expressions of aspiration and status.

— Michael Heuermann